Structure
Verb + にもかかわらず
[い]Adjective + にもかかわらず
[な]Adjective + である + にもかかわらず
Noun + (である)+ にもかかわらず
Details
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Standard
使用域
一般
About にもかかわらず
にもかかわらず is a formal grammar structure in Japanese used to convey that something is 'in spite of (A)', or 'despite (A)'. This pattern is a combination of に, も, the う-Verb 拘わる 'to fixate on', or 'to stick to', and the literary auxiliary verb ず, which connects with verbs in the same way, and carries the same meaning as ない.
This structure is most frequently seen connected to verbs, い-Adjectives and nouns in their standard forms. In most cases, this pattern will appear without kanji.
This structure is most frequently seen connected to verbs, い-Adjectives and nouns in their standard forms. In most cases, this pattern will appear without kanji.
- 浜崎さんは毎日一生懸命働いていたのにもかかわらず、会社をクビになった。Despite working hard every day, Hamasaki-san was fired by the company.
- 彼が悪いのにもかかわらず、私に謝らそうとしてきた。Despite him being in the wrong, he tried to make me apologize.
- 田中さんは優しくて親切であるにもかかわらず、見た目が怖いから田中さんのことをよく知らない人からは怖がらて避けられている。Despite Tanaka-san being kind and helpful, he's feared and avoided by those who don't know him well because of his scary appearance.
- 深夜にもかかわらず、上司が鬼電をしてきたので労基に報告しようと思う。Despite being late at night, my boss blew up my phone, so I'm thinking of reporting it to the labor standards inspection office.
Caution - It is important not to get にも拘わらず mixed up with に関わらず. The former expresses 'despite', while the latter tends to be used more often for 'no matter if'.
- お客さんが来ることを知っていたにもかかわらず、部屋の掃除をしていなかったので息子を叱った。Despite knowing that we were going to have guests over, my son did not clean his room so I scolded him.
- お客さんが来るかどうかに関わらず、部屋は綺麗にしておいてください。Please keep your room clean no matter if guests are coming or not.
Synonyms
ものの
Although, But, Even Though
Not studied yet
を問わず
Regardless of, Whether or not, No matter, With or without
Not studied yet
ながらも
But, Even while, Even though, Despite, Although
Not studied yet
くせに
Even though, And yet, Despite
Not studied yet
にかかわる
To relate to, To have to do with, Concerning, Depends on
Not studied yet
にかかわらず
Regardless of, Whether or, No matter, With or without
Not studied yet
Examples
古代ローマ時代、ガリアはローマによって征服されたにもかかわらず、ある小さな村はなおも戦い続けた。
In Ancient Roman times, despite Gaul being conquered by Rome, a certain small village was still fighting.
全ての物体は、その大小にもかかわらず、真空においては同じ速度で落下する。
All objects, regardless of their size, fall at the same speed in a vacuum.
オデュッセウスは多数の危険にもかかわらず、大変な努力の結果、ついに彼の国に帰ることができた。
Despite numerous dangers, Odysseus was able to finally return to his country as a result of his great efforts.
熊は重いにもかかわらず、速く走れたり、木に登れたりするので、危険な動物だ。本物を見かけたら、じっとして驚かさないでください。
Despite being heavy, since bears run fast, climb trees, and more, they are dangerous animals. If you happen to see one, stand still and do not surprise them.
単独の無名の英雄は満身創痍(傷だらけ)だった。それにもかかわらず、気力のみで、像のように立った。素晴らしい景色だったと思う。
A sole, nameless hero was wounded all over. Nevertheless, by sheer force of will, he remained standing like a statue. It was quite a beautiful sight.
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Additional information and examples
JapaneseTest4You
Offline
Quartet II
Page 13
A Handbook of Japanese Grammar Patterns
Page 488
完全マスター N2
Page 64-1
A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar
Page 257
Tobira (Gateway to Advanced Japanese)
page 218-3
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にもかかわらず – Grammar Discussion
Most Recent Replies (2 in total)
Flavyouu
"全すべての物体ぶったいは、その大小だいしょう にもかかわらず 、真空しんくうにおいては同おなじ速度そくどで落下らっかする。
All objects, regardless of their size, fall at the same speed in a vacuum."
This is the only example that uses ‘regardless’;
Can I also use にかかわらず here?
speedaemon
It’s mentioned to be Formal in several different places, but the Register has it marked as Casual?
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